Email authentication and deliverability
MX record
A DNS record that names the mail servers accepting email for a domain, each with a preference number: lower numbers are tried first.
A sending server looks up the MX records of the recipient’s domain and delivers to the host with the lowest preference value, moving to the next one if it does not answer. With no MX record at all, delivery falls back to the domain’s A or AAAA record (RFC 5321). A domain whose MX hosts do not exist cannot receive mail, which is why list checks look them up. MX says where mail arrives; SPF says who may send it.
Related terms
- Null MX record: A DNS record (MX 0 .) that says a domain accepts no email at all (RFC 7505), so senders give up at once and list checks can drop its addresses.
- SPF (Sender Policy Framework): A DNS record listing which servers may send email for your domain.
- Hard bounce: A permanent delivery failure: the address or its domain does not exist or refuses mail.
